Further reading: the sources behind idunnh2.com

// Resources

Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/1184, RFNBO production criteria 10 February 2023. RFNBO production criteria, including the renewable-grid exemption (Article 4(1)).
Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/1185, RFNBO lifecycle methodology 10 February 2023. RFNBO lifecycle greenhouse-gas methodology.
Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/723 6 February 2025. Detailed rules for the Article 3c(6) SAF price-difference support mechanism under the EU ETS.

European Parliament and Council of the European Union

Directive (EU) 2018/2001, RED II 11 December 2018. The original definition of renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO).
Directive (EU) 2023/2413, RED III 18 October 2023. 70% lifecycle reduction threshold for renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO).
Directive (EU) 2023/958 10 May 2023. Amends the EU ETS Directive for aviation: the rising carbon price on fossil kerosene and the SAF price-difference support (Article 3c(6)).
Directive 2003/87/EC, EU Emissions Trading System 13 October 2003. ETS framework, including the SAF price-differential support mechanism (Article 3c(6)).
Regulation (EU) 2023/2405, ReFuelEU Aviation 18 October 2023. SAF mandate schedule, synthetic-fuel sub-mandate, and shortfall penalties (Article 12).

EEA Joint Committee. Decision No 334/2023 Published in the EEA section of the Official Journal as 2024/1419, 8 December 2023. Incorporation of the ETS Directive (incl. Article 3c(6) SAF support, 100% Iceland tier) into the EEA Agreement.
EFTA Surveillance Authority. Decision on instructing the central administrator to enter changes to the national aviation allocation tables of Norway into the Union Registry to account for the use of eligible aviation fuels in the year 2024 11 February 2026, College Decision No 026/26/COL (Case No 94418). First EFTA-pillar SAF allowance allocation (1,970 allowances to Norwegian operators for 2024; Iceland claimed none).

// Icelandic statistics and agencies

Environment and Energy Agency

Electricity statistics: installed capacity, generation and use in Icelandic power stations Iceland grid composition, carbon intensity (approximately 70% hydro, 30% geothermal) and electricity statistics. (Successor to Orkustofnun, merged 1 January 2025.).
Losunarheimildir fyrir iðnað National emissions data, including ISAL aluminium-smelter emissions.
Orkuspá Landsnets og Umhverfis- og Orkustofnunar 2025-50: Jarðvarmaspá, orkuskiptaspá og raforkuspá Orkuspá Íslands 2025-2050, results workbook, February 2026. Joint forecast by Landsnet and the Environment and Energy Agency: geothermal, energy-transition (fuel) and electricity forecasts to 2050, base and high scenarios, including energy use in international aviation.
Raforkuvísar Raforkueftirlitsins Electricity regulator’s indicators dashboard (Power BI), Raforkuvinnsla page. Monthly electricity generation by source (hydropower, geothermal, wind, oil, solar), 2017 onwards.
Samantekt um losun gróðurhúsalofttegunda á Íslandi National greenhouse gas inventory as reported to the EU, March 2026 submission (land use excluded, international aviation included).
Þróun eldsneytissölu eftir notkunarflokkum og orkugöfum á Íslandi Talnaefni Orkustofnunar, 2025, UOS-2025-4. 323,424 t; about 1,026 L/capita.

Statistics Iceland

Gross energy consumption by source 1940-2020 PxWeb statistical database, IDN02102.
Imports by HS-Classification 2024-2026, chapters 1-40 PxWeb statistical database, UTA03801. Fuel import origin, Strait of Hormuz transit share, NATO share.
Imports by SITC1 and 2, Rev.4 and countries 2015-2026 PxWeb statistical database, UTA06201. Jet fuel origin shares (Gulf/Hormuz over 60%, NATO about a quarter).
Tourism Satellite Accounts 2024 23 September 2025. Tourism about 8.7% of GDP, preliminary.
Trade in goods: monthly external trade statistics Jet fuel as about 4% of total import value.

Alþingi. Lög um breytingu á lögum um viðskiptakerfi ESB með losunarheimildir og lögum um hollustuhætti og mengunarvarnir (ETS-kerfið) 24 December 2025, Lög nr. 106/2025. Amendment to the national emissions trading framework; the Article 3c(6) SAF support mechanism is not yet implemented in Icelandic law.
Eimur. Olíusala á Íslandi Olíumælaborð (oil dashboard). Regional breakdown of fuel sales in Iceland; Suðurnes the largest region by fuel use (latest published regional breakdown, 2010-2020).
Government of Iceland. Energy in Iceland: renewable share of primary energy and electricity generation Grid composition (about 73% hydro, 27% geothermal).
Government of Iceland. Áfallaþol á grundvelli viðmiða Atlantshafsbandalagsins – Áfangaskýrsla 12 December 2025. Energy access among the seven NATO baseline resilience requirements Iceland has committed to.
Government of Iceland, Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Climate. Hydrogen and E-fuels Roadmap for Iceland April 2024. Retained-value estimate for replacing imported fuel; fossil-free-by-2040 goal.
Icelandic Tourist Board. Numbers of foreign visitors Statistics page. 98.7% of overnight visitors by air.
IðunnH2. Iceland energy in numbers: the renewable energy island in data UOS-2025-4 fossil fuel sales and Hagstofa Íslands customs imports 2025, compiled.
Landsnet. About the Grid: Landsnet’s transmission system The national transmission grid: more than 3,000 km of lines and about 70 substations and transformer stations.
National Security Council. Skýrsla þjóðaröryggisráðs um mat á ástandi og horfum í þjóðaröryggismálum February 2021. Aviation fuel arriving by ship roughly every three weeks, Helguvík the only harbour receiving it.
Prime Minister’s Office. Skýrsla starfshóps um neyðarbirgðir August 2022. Year-end fuel stocks covering roughly 20 to 50 days of demand, jet fuel at times below 10 days; no 90-day stockholding obligation applies to Iceland.

// International agencies and standards

European Union Aviation Safety Agency

2025 Aviation Fuels Reference Prices for ReFuelEU Aviation 26 February 2026. Article 13 reference prices used for ReFuelEU penalties and the EU ETS SAF support mechanism.
European Aviation Environmental Report 2025 2025. Aviation’s share of global CO2 emissions (about 2.5%) and the projected tripling of aviation emissions by 2050.
Sustainable Aviation Fuels: EASA pages on SAF within the European Aviation Environmental Report EU regulatory direction and SAF tracking.

Eurostat

Complete energy balances nrg_bal_c. Jet fuel use per capita across Europe (international aviation kerosene, 2024).
Electricity prices for non-household consumers – bi-annual data nrg_pc_205. Peer-market industrial electricity price ranges.
Energy database: additional data (complete energy balances, March 2026 edition, 2024 data) March 2026. The basis of the energy flow diagram; some flows on it are derived.
Fishing Fleet, Number of Vessels tag00116. Number of fishing vessels, 2024.
Population on 1 January tps00001. Population, used with jet fuel use per capita.

International Civil Aviation Organization

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) Default fossil comparator (89 gCO₂e/MJ) and eligible-fuels framework.
Environmental Protection: ICAO programme on international aviation emissions and climate action Aviation’s share of global CO2 emissions (about 2.5%) and the projected tripling of aviation emissions by 2050.
Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) Global SAF policy framework and decarbonisation potential.

International Energy Agency

Aviation – Activity, energy demand and emissions Global aviation CO₂ share, energy-density limits, and the role of SAF.
CCUS in Clean Energy Transitions 24 September 2020. Commercial CCUS deployment in industrial processes.
Direct Air Capture 2022 1 April 2022. Direct air capture cost and deployment outlook.
Global Hydrogen Review 2024 2 October 2024. Electrolyser capacity, efficiency, and deployment trends.
Is carbon capture too expensive? 17 February 2021. Carbon-capture cost by source.
Oil Market Report – April 2026 14 April 2026. The 2026 Strait of Hormuz supply disruption.
Sheltering From Oil Shocks 20 March 2026. The 2026 disruption described as the largest in the history of the global oil market; jet fuel the most exposed product.
The Role of E-fuels in Decarbonising Transport 2023. E-fuel demand and cost outlook.

International Renewable Energy Agency

Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: Scaling up Electrolysers to Meet the 1.5⁰C Climate Goal December 2020. Electrolyser scale-up and cost-reduction outlook.
IRENA website (International Renewable Energy Agency) Renewable-electricity growth and the role of e-fuels.
Reaching Zero with Renewables: Biojet Fuels July 2021, ISBN 978-92-9260-350-2. Biojet and synthetic-fuel scaling outlook.
Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023 September 2024, ISBN 978-92-9260-621-3. Renewable electricity cost data.

AACE International. Cost Estimate Classification System TCM Framework 7.3 – Cost Estimating and Budgeting, 7 August 2020, Recommended Practice No. 17R-97. Cost-estimate classification (Class V to Class I).
ASTM International. Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons 2024, D7566-24a. Synthetic jet-fuel specification.
ASTM International. Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels 2024, D1655-24. Specification for conventional aviation turbine fuels, including Jet A-1.
ENTSO-E. Impact of Renewable Hydrogen on the Power System: Sector Development, Flexibility and Market Aspects (Executive Summary) June 2025. Electricity as 60 to 77% of hydrogen production cost, so electricity is the dominant share of eSAF production cost; RFNBO temporal matching tightening from 2030.
EUROCONTROL. EUROCONTROL Aviation Long-Term Outlook (2024-2050 forecast) 19 December 2024. European flight-demand forecast to 2050.
EUROCONTROL. EUROCONTROL Data Snapshot #4 on CO₂ emissions by flight distance 16 February 2021. CO₂ emissions concentrated in a small share of long-haul flights.
European Commission. European Alternative Fuels Observatory: Iceland country page Battery-electric share of new passenger car registrations, 2021 to 2025, and the battery-electric passenger car fleet at year end 2025, Iceland; compiled from Samgöngustofa’s vehicle register, with fleet total from Statistics Iceland (SAM03105), buyer split from Bílgreinasambandið (2025) and grant and duty changes from the Environment and Energy Agency.
European Commission. Innovation Fund: EU funding programme for innovative low-carbon technologies The EU’s funding programme for innovative low-carbon technologies, open to EEA EFTA states.
European Environment Agency. Share of renewable energy in final energy consumption Europe’s environment 2025: Iceland, 29 September 2025. Iceland renewable share.
Eurostat and European Environment Agency. Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector env_air_gge. Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector, 2024, with population from tps00001 (see src-eurostat-population).
ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company (Kadlecek). Methanol to Jet (MTJ) – ASTM D02.0J AC724 Task Force Presentation hosted by CAAFI, 25 July 2023. Methanol-to-jet ASTM qualification progress.
German Emissions Trading Authority (DEHSt). Emission factor for jet kerosine Jet A and Jet A1 DEHSt newsletter (EU ETS aviation), 30 January 2024. The standard jet-kerosene CO₂ emission factor used to derive the ETS saving per tonne of eSAF.
International Air Transport Association. Jet Fuel Price Monitor Primary jet-fuel price data.
International Energy Agency, in collaboration with the Climate High-Level Champions. Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025: Power 30 October 2025. Power chapter of the 2025 Breakthrough Agenda Report: progress on clean power, including levelised-cost data.
ISCC System. ISCC CORSIA: CORSIA aviation fuel certification scheme The ISCC CORSIA certification framework for aviation fuels eligible under CORSIA.
ISCC System. ISCC EU: EU renewable fuel certification scheme The ISCC EU certification framework for sustainable fuels in the EU.
Klingl, Altgelt and Österlein (dena), for the Global Alliance Powerfuels. Renewable Hydrogen Project Risks: Categorising, assessing and mitigating risks along the hydrogen value chain Global Alliance Powerfuels report, February 2024. Risk assessment for large-scale hydrogen projects in three test cases. In the EU plus EFTA case, governmental risks score 1.5 each, the lowest risk category.
Mathilde Fajardy, Carl Greenfield, Simon Bennett and Timur Gül (International Energy Agency). Driving down the cost of carbon removal: Why innovation matters 27 October 2025. Carbon dioxide removal cost trends.
Moody’s Ratings. Rating Action: Moody’s Ratings upgrades Iceland’s ratings to A1, changes outlook to stable Copy hosted by the Government of Iceland, 20 September 2024. Iceland sovereign credit rating.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Energy security: NATO topic page on the alliance’s energy-security policy NATO’s topic page on energy security.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO Climate Change and Security Impact Assessment, Third Edition 2024 The Secretary General’s Report, 9 July 2024. NATO’s third annual assessment of how climate change affects Allied security, operations and resilience.
S&P Global Ratings. Iceland ‘A+/A-1’ Ratings Affirmed; Outlook Stable 5 September 2025. Iceland sovereign credit rating.
UK Ministry of Defence. Defence Standard 91-091 Issue 18 (UK specification for Jet A-1 fuel) UK Ministry of Defence, Defence Standardization, 28 December 2024, Def Stan 91-091 Issue 18. UK specification for Jet A-1 fuel (AFQRJOS Joint Checklist).
World Bank. Fuel imports (% of merchandise imports) World Development Indicators, TM.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN. Fuel-import dependency indicator for Iceland.

// Research and reports

Transport & Environment

E-fuels for planes: with 45 projects, is the EU on track to meet its targets? 24 January 2024. T&E’s count of e-kerosene projects in Europe: 25 industrial and 20 pilot projects against the ReFuelEU mandate.
EU agrees to world’s largest green fuels mandate for aviation 26 April 2023. Europe’s 2050 SAF requirement (43 Mt per year), up from about 2 Mt today.
T&E Recommendations for the Sustainable Transport Investment Plan – Call for evidence T&E submission to the European Commission, September 2025. T&E’s September 2025 recommendations for the Sustainable Transport Investment Plan: priority for e-fuels in aviation and shipping, with final investment decisions by 2026.
The e-SAF market: Europe’s head start and the road ahead T&E report, June 2025. Pipeline of European e-SAF projects: FID status, announced capacity, and current eSAF production volume against the 2032 mandate.
Why airlines’ complaints about ReFuelEU don’t add up T&E fact sheet, March 2026. Fact sheet answering airline complaints about the ReFuelEU Aviation mandate.

Achim Schaadt (Fraunhofer ISE). Perspectives on Methanol to Jet Fuel – SAFari Project aireg webinar on sustainable aviation (hand-out), 6 November 2024. Methanol-to-jet process detail, TRL assessments, co-products, and SAF yield.
Bube et al.. Cost analysis of kerosene production from power-based syngas via the Fischer-Tropsch and methanol pathway Fuel, vol. 384, article 133901, March 2025, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133901. Cost analysis of kerosene production from power-based syngas, comparing the Fischer-Tropsch and methanol pathways.
Concawe. E-Fuels: A techno-economic assessment of European domestic production and imports towards 2050 – Update 18 March 2024, Report No. 4/24. ESAF production-cost breakdown by process step.
Denholm et al.. Land-Use Requirements of Modern Wind Power Plants in the United States NREL Technical Report, August 2009, NREL/TP-6A2-45834. Wind-farm land use.
Elwalily et al.. Sustainable aviation fuel production via the methanol pathway: a technical review RSC Sustainable Energy & Fuels, vol. 9, issue 19, pp. 5151-5180, 2025, doi:10.1039/D5SE00231A. Peer-reviewed review of the methanol-to-jet pathway.
Ember. Yearly Electricity Data Grid carbon intensity by country; generation per person, 2024, with population from the World Bank (SP.POP.TOTL).
Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 2026. Renewable share of total energy supply, 2025; Iceland first of 79; excludes traditional biomass.
Frontier Economics (for eFuel Alliance, Porsche AG and Stihl AG). Challenges and options for eFuel support in the EU in the light of the US IRA Study, 8 November 2023. Cost-free policy levers that steer investment.
Greenpeace. Unhooking Europe from Oil: 10 measures in the transport sector to wean the EU off Russian oil April 2022. Identifies e-fuels from renewable electricity as the only acceptable alternative fuels for aviation and shipping.
Han et al.. Solar-driven direct air capture to produce sustainable aviation fuel Nature Communications, vol. 17, article 1223, 8 January 2026, doi:10.1038/s41467-025-67977-x. Peer-reviewed study of solar-driven direct air capture as a CO₂ source for sustainable aviation fuel.
Hank et al. (Fraunhofer ISE) for H2Global and GIZ. Power-to-X Country Analysis: Site-specific, comparative analysis for suitable Power-to-X pathways and products in developing and emerging countries 2023. Green-hydrogen production costs by region.
Hydrogen Council (Özlem Duyan). How hydrogen is quietly maturing into reality 4 November 2025. Clean-hydrogen pipeline shakeout and maturation.
International Council on Clean Transportation. Current and future cost of e-kerosene in the United States and Europe ICCT report, 1 March 2022. E-kerosene production-cost projections; eSAF at roughly three to six times the fossil jet price for well-sited projects today.
International Council on Clean Transportation. Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions by SAF pathway ICCT data visualization, 7 October 2025. Lifecycle emissions compared across SAF pathways.
Jane O’Malley (ICCT). Why and how to bring down the cost of SAF ICCT blog, Clearing the Air series, 6 October 2025. SAF cost drivers and reduction levers.
Josh Bivens (Economic Policy Institute). Updated employment multipliers for the U.S. economy 23 January 2019. Employment multipliers for energy and manufacturing investment.
Landsvirkjun. Fljótsdalur Power Station Hálslón reservoir.
Lee et al.. The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018 Atmospheric Environment, vol. 244, article 117834, January 2021, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117834. Non-CO₂ warming effects of aviation.
Lund and Toth. Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review Geothermics, vol. 90, article 101915, February 2021, doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101915. Table 3.
McKinsey & Company. Global Energy Perspective Energy-transition demand scenarios.
OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. Fuelling defence: expanding NATO’s pipeline system to the eastern flank OSW Commentary, 30 July 2025. Citing NATO; CEPS jet-fuel throughput about 1.45 million m³ (roughly 1.2 million t) in 2024.
Phillips, Sandford, Kebbie and Malins (Cerulogy) for the SASHA Coalition. Fuelling nature: How e-fuels can mitigate biodiversity risk in EU aviation and maritime policy November 2024. Biofuels for aviation and shipping put biodiversity at serious risk; e-fuels are the only solution compatible with both climate and biodiversity targets.
PwC Strategy&. From feedstock to flight: How to unlock the potential of SAF 2023. SAF cost outlook and the point where the synthetic pathway undercuts bio-based fuel.
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). UK Bioenergy – why we must switch to sustainable biomass The RSPB’s case for switching UK bioenergy to sustainable biomass.
Sandford and Malins (Cerulogy), funded by ICCT. Staying Aloft: Support Mechanisms for ‘Sustainable Aviation Fuels’ in the United Kingdom and European Union 22 July 2025. Compares the support mechanisms for sustainable aviation fuels in the UK and the EU, alongside their mandates.
SAS (Thomas Thessen). The need for e-SAF in Scandinavia SAS Aviation Insights No. 6, April 2026. Nordic e-SAF demand and supply-security framing.
SASHA Coalition. Book-and-claim to de-risk European e-SAF production Policy briefing, July 2025. Targeted support to de-risk e-SAF investment within the EEA.
Seymour et al.. Future costs of power-to-liquid sustainable aviation fuels produced from hybrid solar PV-wind plants in Europe RSC Sustainable Energy & Fuels, vol. 8, issue 4, pp. 811-825, 2024, doi:10.1039/D3SE00978E. Peer-reviewed PtL SAF cost projections.
World Economic Forum, in collaboration with Kearney. Financing Sustainable Aviation Fuels: Case Studies and Implications for Investment White paper, February 2025. SAF capacity, HEFA share, and 2030 investment need.
World Resources Institute. Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas 4.0 Published baseline water-stress index by country.

// Companies and projects

Airbus. ZEROe, our hydrogen-powered aircraft Airbus’s programme to develop a hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft, launched in 2020.
Anthony Wright (gasworld). Twelve secures $645m funding to spur clean jet fuel production 23 September 2024. Twelve capital raise led by TPG Rise Climate.
Carbfix. Our operations: how Carbfix mineralises CO₂ in basalt and its current projects CO₂ mineralisation in basalt.
Carbon Recycling International. George Olah – Industrial Scale Renewable Methanol Plant The first industrial-scale plant to make fuel from CO₂ (methanol from geothermal-plant CO₂ and hydrogen from electrolysis), at Svartsengi, Iceland; commissioned in 2012.
CINEA (European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency), European Commission. E-fuel Pilot: Innovative and cost-efficient production process for Power-to-Liquid using industrial off-gases Innovation Fund project factsheet, Project 101132987. EUR 40 million Innovation Fund grant to Nordic Electrofuel, Herøya, Norway.
Climeworks. Mammoth: our newest direct air capture and storage facility Climeworks plant page. Climeworks’ Mammoth direct air capture and storage plant at Hellisheiði, Iceland, in operation since May 2024.
CompositesWorld. Airbus pushes ZEROe aircraft project timeline to 2040s 18 February 2025. Reports Airbus pushing the ZEROe aircraft timeline into the 2040s (February 2025).
Destination 2050 Alliance (roadmap by NLR and SEO). A route to net zero European aviation (Destination 2050 roadmap, update of the 2021 roadmap) February 2025. Industry roadmap to net-zero CO₂ from European aviation by 2050, an update of the 2021 roadmap.
GreenAir News. Airbus delays its ZEROe hydrogen aircraft as UK CAA expands hydrogen programme 10 February 2025. Reports Airbus delaying ZEROe as the UK Civil Aviation Authority expands its hydrogen programme (February 2025).
HIF Global. HIF Haru Oni The first operating e-fuels plant, at Punta Arenas, Chile: wind-powered electrolysis, CO₂ from a biogenic source, e-gasoline by methanol-to-gasoline, 130,000 litres a year.
INERATEC. ERA ONE – e-Fuels made in Germany INERATEC’s ERA ONE e-fuels plant in Frankfurt, described as the largest Power-to-Liquid plant to date; ISCC EU certified.
Infinium. Infinium Announces Construction of Large Scale eFuels Production Facility in Texas Press release via PR Newswire, 19 May 2025. Project Roadrunner FID, 23 kt/yr.
Infinium and Brookfield. Brookfield to Invest Up to $1.1 Billion in Infinium to Scale Ultra-Low Carbon eFuels Press release via PR Newswire, 10 September 2024. Over $200M to Roadrunner, up to $850M conditional tail.
Isavia. Keflavík Airport website Transatlantic hub.
Isavia. Passenger Numbers Increased at KEF in 2024 18 January 2025. Transit passengers (those using KEF as a connecting hub) were 31.1% of all passengers in 2024.
Kadeco. Kadeco website (Green Industrial Park) Kadeco, the development company for the land around Keflavík Airport.
Kadeco. Keflavík Airport Area Strategic masterplan (K64) Strategic masterplan for the area around Keflavík Airport.
Landsvirkjun. Financial Statements 2025 19 February 2026. Published average industrial electricity price (about EUR 28/MWh).
Matter et al.. Rapid carbon mineralization for permanent disposal of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions Science, vol. 352, issue 6291, pp. 1312-1314, 10 June 2016, doi:10.1126/science.aad8132. CO₂ mineralisation in basalt.
Rio Tinto. ISAL aluminium smelter, Straumsvík Iceland’s first aluminium smelter (Straumsvík, 1969).
Sasol. Sasol produces 1,5 billion barrels of synthetic fuel from coal in fifty years Sasol media release, 24 August 2005. Sasol’s 2005 media release: 1.5 billion barrels of synthetic fuel made from coal in fifty years.
Topsoe. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Solutions (includes the MTJet process) Topsoe describes its MTJet™ methanol-to-jet solution as a relevant pathway under certain project conditions and currently under development.
Wikipedia. Secunda CTL Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Overview of Sasol’s Secunda coal-to-liquids plant: the Sasol II unit built in 1980 and Sasol III in 1984.

// News and press

European Commission

Commission proposes actions to protect Europeans from the fossil energy crisis and accelerate the shift to clean, homegrown energy 22 April 2026, IP/26/629. AccelerateEU; Jørgensen statement.
EU allocates €100m-worth of ETS allowances to help airlines buy Sustainable Aviation Fuels 17 September 2025. First EU-pillar allocation, about 1.3 million allowances (roughly EUR 100 million) to 53 operators.
IF25 Hydrogen Auction 2026. Over EUR 1.09 billion in fixed-premium support awarded to nine renewable-hydrogen projects across seven EEA countries.

ADS Advance. RAF SAF spending should build fuel resilience, not just meet mandates 9 July 2026. Reporting a UK Parliamentary answer (2026) on RAF annual aviation-fuel consumption of about 250 million litres.
Aerospace Global News. Opinion: The RAF’s SAF bill should buy energy security, not just compliance 8 July 2026. Reporting a UK Parliamentary answer (2026) on RAF annual aviation-fuel consumption of about 250 million litres.
Blackridge Research. SPIC Unveils $5.85 Billion Investment For Producing Fuel From Green Hydrogen 2024. SPIC’s announced USD 5.85 billion investment in fuel from green hydrogen.
BloombergNEF. Big Oil Pivots Away From Renewable Power on Low Returns 3 April 2024. Reports Big Oil pivoting away from renewable power on low returns (April 2024).
Boeing. Boeing Provides Guidance on SAF Usage for Defense Aircraft Boeing press release, 20 July 2024. Quoting James Appathurai, NATO; SAF cleared for NATO military aircraft at approved blend limits.
CNBC. Iran war threatens jet fuel shortage that could disrupt summer travel in Asia and Europe 6 May 2026. Reports that the Iran war threatens a jet fuel shortage that could disrupt summer travel in Asia and Europe.
CompositesWorld. DLR exhibits full-scale CFRP liquid hydrogen tank test item for zero-emission aviation 28 October 2025. Cryogenic liquid-hydrogen tank storage requirements (about -253°C) for aviation.
European Commission, Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport. EU launches Early Movers’ Coalition to accelerate sustainable aviation fuel uptake 4 December 2025. Eight member states committing at least EUR 500 million to bring European eSAF projects to final investment decision through double-sided auctions.
GreenAir News. EU states to mobilise 500 million euro support for early-mover eSAF production startups 5 December 2025. EUR 500 million mobilised by 8 member states (Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain) for the first eSAF auction in 2026.
H2Global Foundation. H2Global Foundation website The double-sided auction model.
Honeywell. Cleared for Takeoff: How ASTM Approval of Methanol-to-Jet Accelerates SAF at Scale 18 June 2026. Industry reporting on the ASTM D7566 qualification of the methanol-to-jet route.
International Air Transport Association. SAF Production Growth Rate is Slowing Down, Essential to Correct Course Ahead of e-SAF Mandates IATA press release, 9 December 2025. Europe’s 2030 SAF requirement (4 Mt per year) against current global production (about 2.4 Mt per year).
Mike Starling and AP (Euronews). Flying soon? What the jet fuel crisis means for travellers and airlines 17 April 2026. What the 2026 jet fuel crisis means for travellers and airlines.
New Security Beat (Stimson Center). Is China’s Sustainable Aviation Fuel Ready to Take Off? 22 January 2026. Asks whether China’s sustainable aviation fuel is ready to take off.
Norton Rose Fulbright. Effects Of "One Big Beautiful Bill" On Projects 7 July 2025. US 45V hydrogen PTC construction-start window shortened to end-2027.
Oil & Gas Journal. Majors pull back from renewable energy investments 1 April 2025. Reports oil majors pulling back from renewable energy investments (April 2025).
OilPrice.com. China’s Renewable Boom Masks a Quiet Coal-to-Liquids Expansion 2 March 2026. Argues that China’s renewable boom masks a quiet expansion of coal-to-liquids.
Taxpayers for Common Sense. Hydrogen Secured Last-Minute Win in Budget Bill 21 July 2025. US 45V hydrogen PTC construction-start window shortened to end-2027.
Todd Bush (Decarbonfuse), citing InsightAce Analytic. ESAF Takes Flight: Power-to-Liquid Tech Sparks 48% Growth 28 July 2025. Projected 48% annual eSAF growth through 2031 (industry estimate, InsightAce Analytic).

Further Reading

Further reading